17 clever ways scientists are trying to protect coral

More and more hotels are getting involved with ocean conservation and some of the best luxury nature and eco resorts are home to coral nurseries.

Among them is the Jean-Míchel Cousteau Resort in Fiji. Resident marine biologist Johnny Singh (pictured) started creating the on-site coral farm in May 2013 using fragments of coral colonies naturally broken off due to storms and extreme weather. Those that are swept away and land on the sandy ocean floor rarely survive, so Singh works hard to recover pieces that have been knocked off — specifically targeting corals of the Acropora genus as these grow more quickly than others.

Coco Bodu Hithi in the Maldives also has a coral nursery project, first implemented by resident marine biologist Chiara Fumagalli in 2012. Using scrap metal, her team assemble star-like structures that are lowered to the seabed. They attach broken corals found during snorkelling trips to the frames using cable ties, which are removed as soon as the corals have properly flourished into seemingly natural coral formations — of which there are now 18.

Following in the footsteps of his ancestors, ocean conservationist Fabien Cousteau has been working with 3D printing to create, expand and restore coral reefs in a partnership with the Caribbean island resort of Harbour Village Bonaire.

Speaking to Boat International, Cousteau explained his choice of location: “The advantage Bonaire has is that it has a semblance of a healthy reef because of the protective measures that the government of Bonaire has installed decades ago.”

Made from calcium carbonate, these artificial reefs will closely mimic the shape, texture and chemical makeup of natural coral, with the aim of attracting free-floating polyps to take root and grow into new reefs.

“I think that we need to see this as one of many tools in the quiver in combating things like coral bleaching and acidification issues that are degrading our coral reefs in greater and at faster levels,” he added. “In our projects I hope that we’re able to print a billion coral structures in the long term.”

Similar trials have already begun in Monaco and the Persian Gulf and whilst it is too early to draw any definitive conclusions, the short-term data is encouraging.

Earlier this year, Fabien launched the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning Center, which will focus on raising awareness, creating educational material and running restoration programs for sea turtles and coral reefs.

Fabien is the grandson of underwater documentarian Jacques Cousteau, one of the most famous sea explorers who changed the world.

Scientists from the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in Brisbane have managed to capture footage of coral bleaching.

Bleaching is caused by abnormal environmental conditions, such as a rise in sea temperatures, which leads to coral expelling living algae causing it to calcify. There has been mass bleaching across the world this year, parts of the Barrier Reef have experienced the worst bleaching on record.

Researchers managed to capture the footage by placing solitary corals, Heliofungia actiniformis, into controlled 10-litre aquaria and then heating up the water. It is hoped that the footage will allow scientists to better understand the phenomenon.

“What’s really interesting is just how quickly and violently the coral forcefully evicted its resident symbionts," said the QUT’s Mr Lewis. “The H. actiniformis began ejecting the symbionts within the first two hours of us raising the water temperature of the system.”

The scientists have already used the time-lapse photography to capture other coal behaviours, including how they eat and how they fight over limited space.

Strange as it may sound scientists are working on techniques using satellites in space to help monitor the health of coral on earth.

The European Space Agency (ESA) sponsored a project, called Sen2Coral, which used the EU's new Sentinel-2a satellite to monitor a region in French Polynesia between February and April.

The satellite is able to look into the water columns and detect changes in sea-bottom radiance. In the case of the study in French Polynesia a change was detected and an on-the-ground field team was sent in and confirmed that the coral was stressed due to high sea temperatures.

At the moment the correlation has not been validated but in the future it could be possible to use the satellite to automate the detection of change in reefs.

Scientists in the Philippines are hoping that social media might help in the fight to save the region's coral reefs. The Philippine Coral Bleaching Watch has relaunched its online reporting platform, which encourages everyone to get involved in updating scientists and the government on the state of reefs.

Scientists are asking everyone who swims or dives near reefs to report any coral bleaching they spot via their Facebook page. The hope is that the data can then be used to understand the extent of the damage.

“Engaging with an informed citizenry, scientists, together with coastal communities, can be engaged in monitoring the entire Philippines,” said leading coral scientist Dr Porfirio Aliño. “We are relying on bridging science to responsible citizens to submit reports of bleaching or assessment reports through photos of panoramic views of healthy reefs in their areas."

As well as using its Facebook page to help record damage the Philippine Coral Bleaching Watch is also using it to help educate people on the dangers of global warming and how to spot distressed coral.

Scientists in the Caribbean have managed to get coral grown in a laboratory to reproduce in the wild for the first time.

A study published in the journal Bulletin of Marine Science has revealed how the method was successfully used with Elkhorn coral around the Caribbean island of Curaçao.

The coral was grown in a laboratory from cell samples collected by conservation group Secore International in 2011 and then replanted in to the reef a year later. The coral has now grown to the "size of a soccer ball" and has reproduced at the same time as neighbouring naturally grown coral.

Valérie Chamberland, a coral reef ecologist, said: "This event marks the first ever successful rearing of a threatened Caribbean coral species to its reproductive age."

It is hoped that this pioneering technique could be used on other endangered reefs but it is limited to small areas where the coral will be able to survive.

Space organisation NASA has stepped in to try and protect the world’s coral and is organising a three-year field expedition to survey endangered reefs. The COral Reef Airborne Laboratory (CORAL) will measure the reefs and create a database so that changes can be monitored.

The new research will see the condition of reef systems in Florida, Hawaii, Palau, the Mariana Islands and Australia recorded using advanced instruments on airplanes and in the water.

"Right now, the state of the art for collecting coral reef data is scuba diving with a tape measure," said Eric Hochberg, CORAL principal investigator and scientist at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Science. "It's analogous to looking at a few trees and then trying to say what the forest is doing."

It is hoped that the new data will allow scientists to create a quantitative model that will show why and how reefs are changing because of environmental conditions. However, the large-scale project will cover less than 4% of the world’s coral reefs.

"Ideally, in a decade or so we'll have a satellite that can frequently and accurately observe all of the world's reefs, and we can push the science and most importantly our understanding even further," added Hochberg.

In an effort to help save the world’s coral reefs scientists have reproduced coral using in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) for the first time in the United Kingdom.

Gravid corals (already carrying eggs) were extracted by divers from the Great Barrier Reef and flown to London last year. They were then maintained in an artificial reef at the Horniman Museum allowing them to spawn. The scientists then carried out eight cross-fertilisations in order to create thousands of coral “babies” which can now be used by the museum and other institutions to learn more about reproduction and the early life stages of coral.

Jamie Craggs, aquarium curator at the Horniman Museum and Gardens, said: "We've seen captive corals spawn before at the Horniman, but this is the first time we've been able to successfully cross-fertilise them. This proves the techniques and equipment used in our lab are working, and is a key step forward for Project Coral."

Rising temperatures are considered to be one of the biggest threats to the world's oceans as the increased heat causes coral bleaching (pictured above). To counter this scientists in Hawaii are trying to create a “super coral”, which is capable of resisting higher temperatures.

A research team from Hawaii has been collecting the little remaining healthy coral off the coast of Hawaii's Coconut Island to use in a breeding programme to develop strong genes. The coral samples they collect are slowly exposed to slightly warmer and more acidic water. "We've given them experiences that we think are going to raise their ability to survive stress," explained Ruth Gates, director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.

The researchers are also developing stronger and more resilient strains by cross-breeding the most resilient coral samples. The corals will then be transplanted back into the bay with the hope that they will survive the changing conditions and be able to reproduce next summer.

While vinegar may be the new chosen poison to kill crown-of-thorns starfish, a new autonomous robot has also been developed to provide a lethal injection.

The robot, know as COTSbot, uses GPS to cruise around the sea-floor looking for the crown-of-thorns starfish. Once it spots its victim, it then uses an extended arm to administer a fatal injection. This current model uses bile salts to kill the starfish rather than vinegar.

Researchers at the Queensland University of Technology are hoping to have the robot, which should be capable of administering 200 fatal shots in an eight-hour period, fully operational on the Great Barrier Reef by next year. Although earlier this year Unesco voted not to put Australia's Great Barrier Reef on a world "danger list", it is still considered to be under threat.